Full form of fundamental of computer science

atozbioclass May 20, 2026

 Full form of fundamental of computer science 



## 1. Computer Basic Fundamentals

**What is computer?**

A computer is an electronic machine that takes in data, processes it, and gives out a result. Think of it like a magical blender.

**The IPO Cycle (Input-Process-Output):**

 * **Input:** You put fruits into the blender (like typing on a **Keyboard** or clicking a **Mouse**).

 * **Process:** The blender spins and crushes the fruits (this is the **CPU**, the brain of the computer, doing the math).

 * **Output:** You get a glass of juice (the result shown on your **Monitor** or printed from a **Printer**).

**Hardware vs. Software:**

 * **Hardware:** The physical parts you can touch (Monitor, Mouse, Keyboard).

 * **Software:** The invisible instructions that tell the hardware what to do (like Windows 11, video games, or web browsers).


## 2. Microsoft Word (MS Word)

**What is ms word?**

MS Word is a **Word Processor**. It is a software program used to type, format, and save text documents like essays, letters, and reports.

**Example:**

If you need to write a science report for school, you use MS Word. You can change text colors, add pictures, and check your spelling.

**Select the text**

Click and drag your mouse over the words you want to change. The text will highlight in blue or gray.

**Find the Font group**

Look at the top of the screen on the "Home" ribbon. Look for the big B icon.

**Click Bold**

Click the B (or press Ctrl + B on your keyboard). Your text will instantly become thicker and darker!

## 3. Microsoft Excel (MS Excel)

**What is ms excel?**

MS Excel is a **Spreadsheet** program. It is basically a giant digital piece of graph paper made of boxes called **Cells**. It is used for organizing data, making lists, and doing automatic math calculations.

## 4. Microsoft Access (MS Access)

**What is ms access?**

MS Access is a **Database Management System (DBMS)**. While Excel is great for simple lists and math, Access is built for storing huge amounts of connected information.

**Example:**

Think of your school's library. They need to track thousands of books, hundreds of students, and who borrowed what. Excel would get messy, but Access creates a neat, searchable database to link all that data together.

**Key Terms to Know:**

 * **Table:** Where data is stored (looks like an Excel sheet).

 * **Form:** A neat, user-friendly screen to enter new data.

 * **Query:** Asking the database a specific question (e.g., "Show me all 8th graders who have overdue books").

## 5. Adobe Photoshop

**What is adobe photoshop?**

Adobe Photoshop is a powerful **Image Editing** and graphic design software. It allows you to change photos, combine images, add text to pictures, and create digital art.

**Example:**

If you take a photo of your dog but the lighting is too dark, or there is a trash can in the background, you can use Photoshop to brighten the image and digitally erase the trash can.

**Select the Crop Tool**

Look at the left-hand toolbar and click the Crop icon (it looks like two overlapping right angles), or simply press C on your keyboard.

**Adjust the borders**

Click and drag the corners of the box that appears over your image to frame exactly what you want to keep.

**Apply the crop**

Press the Enter key. Everything outside your frame will be deleted!

## 6. Internet & Computer Viruses

**What is the Internet?**

The Internet is a massive, worldwide network of computers connected to each other. It allows us to share websites, send emails, and play multiplayer games globally.

**What is a Computer Virus?**

A computer virus is a malicious piece of software (malware) written by bad actors (hackers) to harm your computer, steal your information, or delete your files. Just like a biological virus spreads from person to person, a computer virus spreads from computer to computer.

**How to stay safe:**

 1. Never click on strange email links from people you don't know.

 2. Don't download games or software from illegal or untrusted websites.

 3. Always keep an **Antivirus** program updated on your computer.

## 7. The Ultimate 500 Computer Full Forms

Here is a comprehensive list of 500 essential computer and technology acronyms covering basic hardware, MS Office, networking, the internet, software, and cybersecurity!

 1. **PC** - Personal Computer

 2. **CPU** - Central Processing Unit

 3. **RAM** - Random Access Memory

 4. **ROM** - Read Only Memory

 5. **ALU** - Arithmetic Logic Unit

 6. **CU** - Control Unit

 7. **MU** - Memory Unit

 8. **HDD** - Hard Disk Drive

 9. **FDD** - Floppy Disk Drive

 10. **CD** - Compact Disk

 11. **DVD** - Digital Video Disk (or Digital Versatile Disk)

 12. **SMPS** - Switched Mode Power Supply

 13. **BIOS** - Basic Input Output System

 14. **VDU** - Visual Display Unit

 15. **LED** - Light Emitting Diode

 16. **LCD** - Liquid Crystal Display

 17. **CRT** - Cathode Ray Tube

 18. **USB** - Universal Serial Bus

 19. **VGA** - Video Graphics Array

 20. **HDMI** - High Definition Multimedia Interface

 21. **SSD** - Solid State Drive

 22. **UPS** - Uninterruptible Power Supply

 23. **OS** - Operating System

 24. **GUI** - Graphical User Interface

 25. **CLI** - Command Line Interface

 26. **CUI** - Character User Interface

 27. **DOS** - Disk Operating System

 28. **MAC** - Media Access Control / Macintosh

 29. **VIRUS** - Vital Information Resources Under Siege

 30. **LAN** - Local Area Network

 31. **WAN** - Wide Area Network

 32. **MAN** - Metropolitan Area Network

 33. **PAN** - Personal Area Network

 34. **WLAN** - Wireless Local Area Network

 35. **IP** - Internet Protocol

 36. **TCP** - Transmission Control Protocol

 37. **HTTP** - Hypertext Transfer Protocol

 38. **HTTPS** - Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure

 39. **HTML** - Hypertext Markup Language

 40. **WWW** - World Wide Web

 41. **URL** - Uniform Resource Locator

 42. **FTP** - File Transfer Protocol

 43. **SMTP** - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

 44. **POP3** - Post Office Protocol version 3

 45. **IMAP** - Internet Message Access Protocol

 46. **ISP** - Internet Service Provider

 47. **VPN** - Virtual Private Network

 48. **DNS** - Domain Name System

 49. **DHCP** - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

 50. **WIFI** - Wireless Fidelity

 51. **PDF** - Portable Document Format

 52. **DOC** - Document (MS Word)

 53. **XLS** - Excel Spreadsheet

 54. **PPT** - PowerPoint Presentation

 55. **TXT** - Text file

 56. **RTF** - Rich Text Format

 57. **JPEG / JPG** - Joint Photographic Experts Group

 58. **PNG** - Portable Network Graphics

 59. **GIF** - Graphics Interchange Format

 60. **BMP** - Bitmap

 61. **MP3** - MPEG Audio Layer 3

 62. **MP4** - MPEG-4 Video

 63. **AVI** - Audio Video Interleave

 64. **MPEG** - Moving Picture Experts Group

 65. **KB** - Kilobyte

 66. **MB** - Megabyte

 67. **GB** - Gigabyte

 68. **TB** - Terabyte

 69. **PB** - Petabyte

 70. **EB** - Exabyte

 71. **ZB** - Zettabyte

 72. **YB** - Yottabyte

 73. **BIT** - Binary Digit

 74. **Bps** - Bits per second

 75. **BPS** - Bytes per second

 76. **Kbps** - Kilobits per second

 77. **Mbps** - Megabits per second

 78. **Gbps** - Gigabits per second

 79. **Kbps** - Kilobytes per second (notice capital B means bytes)

 80. **MBps** - Megabytes per second

 81. **GBps** - Gigabytes per second

 82. **Hz** - Hertz

 83. **MHz** - Megahertz

 84. **GHz** - Gigahertz

 85. **API** - Application Programming Interface

 86. **IDE** - Integrated Development Environment

 87. **SDK** - Software Development Kit

 88. **XML** - Extensible Markup Language

 89. **CSS** - Cascading Style Sheets

 90. **PHP** - Hypertext Preprocessor

 91. **SQL** - Structured Query Language

 92. **DBMS** - Database Management System

 93. **RDBMS** - Relational Database Management System

 94. **UI** - User Interface

 95. **UX** - User Experience

 96. **IT** - Information Technology

 97. **ICT** - Information and Communication Technology

 98. **AI** - Artificial Intelligence

 99. **ML** - Machine Learning

 100. **VR** - Virtual Reality

 101. **AR** - Augmented Reality

 102. **MR** - Mixed Reality

 103. **IoT** - Internet of Things

 104. **CLOUD** - Compute, Location, Objects, Users, Data (often just referred to as Cloud computing)

 105. **PaaS** - Platform as a Service

 106. **SaaS** - Software as a Service

 107. **IaaS** - Infrastructure as a Service

 108. **B2B** - Business to Business

 109. **B2C** - Business to Consumer

 110. **C2C** - Consumer to Consumer

 111. **E-Mail** - Electronic Mail

 112. **E-Commerce** - Electronic Commerce

 113. **SMS** - Short Message Service

 114. **MMS** - Multimedia Messaging Service

 115. **SIM** - Subscriber Identity Module

 116. **GSM** - Global System for Mobile communications

 117. **CDMA** - Code Division Multiple Access

 118. **LTE** - Long Term Evolution

 119. **VoLTE** - Voice over Long Term Evolution

 120. **4G** - Fourth Generation

 121. **5G** - Fifth Generation

 122. **GPS** - Global Positioning System

 123. **GPRS** - General Packet Radio Service

 124. **WAP** - Wireless Application Protocol

 125. **NIC** - Network Interface Card

 126. **MAC (address)** - Media Access Control

 127. **PING** - Packet Internet Groper

 128. **ICMP** - Internet Control Message Protocol

 129. **ARP** - Address Resolution Protocol

 130. **RARP** - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

 131. **NAT** - Network Address Translation

 132. **SSL** - Secure Sockets Layer

 133. **TLS** - Transport Layer Security

 134. **SSH** - Secure Shell

 135. **WEP** - Wired Equivalent Privacy

 136. **WPA** - Wi-Fi Protected Access

 137. **WPA2** - Wi-Fi Protected Access 2

 138. **WPS** - Wi-Fi Protected Setup

 139. **OLED** - Organic Light Emitting Diode

 140. **AMOLED** - Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode

 141. **TFT** - Thin Film Transistor

 142. **IPS** - In-Plane Switching

 143. **GPU** - Graphics Processing Unit

 144. **APU** - Accelerated Processing Unit

 145. **VRAM** - Video Random Access Memory

 146. **SRAM** - Static Random Access Memory

 147. **DRAM** - Dynamic Random Access Memory

 148. **SDRAM** - Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory

 149. **DDR** - Double Data Rate

 150. **EEPROM** - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

 151. **EPROM** - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

 152. **PROM** - Programmable Read Only Memory

 153. **NVRAM** - Non-Volatile Random Access Memory

 154. **CMOS** - Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor

 155. **LSI** - Large Scale Integration

 156. **VLSI** - Very Large Scale Integration

 157. **ULSI** - Ultra Large Scale Integration

 158. **PCB** - Printed Circuit Board

 159. **IC** - Integrated Circuit

 160. **ISA** - Industry Standard Architecture

 161. **PCI** - Peripheral Component Interconnect

 162. **PCIe** - Peripheral Component Interconnect Express

 163. **AGP** - Accelerated Graphics Port

 164. **SATA** - Serial Advanced Technology Attachment

 165. **PATA** - Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment

 166. **IDE (Drive)** - Integrated Drive Electronics

 167. **SCSI** - Small Computer System Interface

 168. **RAID** - Redundant Array of Independent Disks

 169. **FAT** - File Allocation Table

 170. **NTFS** - New Technology File System

 171. **exFAT** - Extensible File Allocation Table

 172. **EXT4** - Fourth Extended File System

 173. **ISO** - International Organization for Standardization

 174. **ANSI** - American National Standards Institute

 175. **ASCII** - American Standard Code for Information Interchange

 176. **EBCDIC** - Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

 177. **UTF** - Unicode Transformation Format

 178. **UNIVAC** - Universal Automatic Computer

 179. **ENIAC** - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

 180. **EDVAC** - Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

 181. **EDSAC** - Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

 182. **IBM** - International Business Machines

 183. **HP** - Hewlett-Packard

 184. **DELL** - Digital Electronic Link Library (unofficial, named after Michael Dell)

 185. **AMD** - Advanced Micro Devices

 186. **INTEL** - Integrated Electronics

 187. **APPLE** - Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment (Satellite, though the tech company is just Apple)

 188. **MAC OS** - Macintosh Operating System

 189. **WINDOWS** - Wide Interactive Network Development for Office Work Solution (Backronym)

 190. **LINUX** - Lovable Intellect Not Using XP (Joke backronym, named after Linus Torvalds)

 191. **UNIX** - Uniplexed Information and Computing Service

 192. **APK** - Android Application Package

 193. **APP** - Application

 194. **exe** - Executable

 195. **bat** - Batch file

 196. **dll** - Dynamic Link Library

 197. **sys** - System file

 198. **tmp** - Temporary file

 199. **zip** - Zoned Information Protocol (Compression)

 200. **rar** - Roshal Archive

 201. **tar** - Tape Archive

 202. **gzip** - GNU Zip

 203. **WAV** - Waveform Audio File Format

 204. **FLAC** - Free Lossless Audio Codec

 205. **WMV** - Windows Media Video

 206. **WMA** - Windows Media Audio

 207. **MOV** - Apple QuickTime Movie

 208. **SVG** - Scalable Vector Graphics

 209. **TIFF** - Tagged Image File Format

 210. **RAW** - Raw Image Data

 211. **PSD** - Photoshop Document

 212. **CDR** - CorelDraw file

 213. **DWG** - Drawing (AutoCAD)

 214. **CAD** - Computer-Aided Design

 215. **CAM** - Computer-Aided Manufacturing

 216. **CBT** - Computer-Based Training

 217. **CBE** - Computer-Based Education

 218. **CAL** - Computer-Assisted Learning

 219. **CAI** - Computer-Assisted Instruction

 220. **AIFF** - Audio Interchange File Format

 221. **MID** - Musical Instrument Digital Interface

 222. **bps** - bits per second

 223. **TFT-LCD** - Thin-Film-Transistor Liquid-Crystal Display

 224. **CRT-Monitor** - Cathode Ray Tube Monitor

 225. **VDU-Screen** - Visual Display Unit Screen

 226. **PIXEL** - Picture Element

 227. **RES** - Resolution

 228. **DPI** - Dots Per Inch

 229. **PPI** - Pixels Per Inch

 230. **FPS** - Frames Per Second

 231. **Hz (Refresh Rate)** - Hertz

 232. **NTSC** - National Television System Committee

 233. **PAL** - Phase Alternating Line

 234. **SECAM** - Sequential Color with Memory

 235. **HD** - High Definition

 236. **FHD** - Full High Definition

 237. **QHD** - Quad High Definition

 238. **UHD** - Ultra High Definition

 239. **4K** - 4000 pixels horizontal resolution

 240. **8K** - 8000 pixels horizontal resolution

 241. **ARPANET** - Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

 242. **NSFNET** - National Science Foundation Network

 243. **DARPA** - Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

 244. **TCP/IP** - Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

 245. **OSI Model** - Open Systems Interconnection Model

 246. **BGP** - Border Gateway Protocol

 247. **OSPF** - Open Shortest Path First

 248. **EIGRP** - Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

 249. **RIP** - Routing Information Protocol

 250. **IGMP** - Internet Group Management Protocol

 251. **SNMP** - Simple Network Management Protocol

 252. **NTP** - Network Time Protocol

 253. **NNTP** - Network News Transfer Protocol

 254. **LDAP** - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

 255. **VoIP** - Voice over Internet Protocol

 256. **SIP** - Session Initiation Protocol

 257. **RTP** - Real-Time Transport Protocol

 258. **QoS** - Quality of Service

 259. **DDOS** - Distributed Denial of Service

 260. **DOS (Attack)** - Denial of Service

 261. **XSS** - Cross-Site Scripting

 262. **CSRF** - Cross-Site Request Forgery

 263. **SQLi** - SQL Injection

 264. **MITM** - Man in the Middle

 265. **APT** - Advanced Persistent Threat

 266. **IDS** - Intrusion Detection System

 267. **IPS (Security)** - Intrusion Prevention System

 268. **UTM** - Unified Threat Management

 269. **SIEM** - Security Information and Event Management

 270. **SOC** - Security Operations Center

 271. **NOC** - Network Operations Center

 272. **BYOD** - Bring Your Own Device

 273. **MDM** - Mobile Device Management

 274. **MFA** - Multi-Factor Authentication

 275. **2FA** - Two-Factor Authentication

 276. **OTP** - One-Time Password

 277. **PIN** - Personal Identification Number

 278. **CAPTCHA** - Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart

 279. **biometrics** - Biological Measurements (not an acronym, but standard tech term)

 280. **RFID** - Radio Frequency Identification

 281. **NFC** - Near Field Communication

 282. **BLE** - Bluetooth Low Energy

 283. **IR** - Infrared

 284. **USB-C** - Universal Serial Bus Type-C

 285. **OTG** - On-The-Go

 286. **PnP** - Plug and Play

 287. **AC** - Alternating Current

 288. **DC** - Direct Current

 289. **AWG** - American Wire Gauge

 290. **UPS** - Uninterruptible Power Supply

 291. **RCA** - Radio Corporation of America (Cables)

 292. **DVI** - Digital Visual Interface

 293. **DP** - DisplayPort

 294. **PoE** - Power over Ethernet

 295. **CAT5** - Category 5 Cable

 296. **CAT6** - Category 6 Cable

 297. **RJ45** - Registered Jack 45

 298. **RJ11** - Registered Jack 11

 299. **STP** - Shielded Twisted Pair

 300. **UTP** - Unshielded Twisted Pair

 301. **FOC** - Fiber Optic Cable

 302. **ISP** - Internet Service Provider

 303. **ASP** - Application Service Provider

 304. **MSP** - Managed Service Provider

 305. **SEO** - Search Engine Optimization

 306. **SEM** - Search Engine Marketing

 307. **SERP** - Search Engine Results Page

 308. **CTR** - Click-Through Rate

 309. **PPC** - Pay Per Click

 310. **CPM** - Cost Per Mille (Thousand)

 311. **API** - Application Programming Interface

 312. **REST** - Representational State Transfer

 313. **SOAP** - Simple Object Access Protocol

 314. **JSON** - JavaScript Object Notation

 315. **AJAX** - Asynchronous JavaScript and XML

 316. **DOM** - Document Object Model

 317. **CORS** - Cross-Origin Resource Sharing

 318. **MVC** - Model-View-Controller

 319. **OOP** - Object-Oriented Programming

 320. **DRY** - Don't Repeat Yourself

 321. **KISS** - Keep It Simple, Stupid


  1. SOLID - Single Responsibility, Open-Closed, Liskov, Interface, Dependency
  2. CRUD - Create, Read, Update, Delete
  3. SDLC - Software Development Life Cycle
  4. AGILE - (Development Methodology, not strict acronym)
  5. SCRUM - (Agile Framework)
  6. UML - Unified Modeling Language
  7. QA - Quality Assurance
  8. UAT - User Acceptance Testing
  9. CI/CD - Continuous Integration / Continuous Deployment
  10. VCS - Version Control System
  11. SVN - Subversion
  12. GIT - Global Information Tracker (Informal)
  13. CLI - Command Line Interface
  14. BASH - Bourne Again Shell
  15. CMD - Command Prompt
  16. POWERSHELL - (Windows Scripting tool)
  17. VBA - Visual Basic for Applications (Used in MS Excel/Access)
  18. VB - Visual Basic
  19. C - (Programming Language)
  20. C++ - C Plus Plus
  21. C# - C Sharp
  22. JS - JavaScript
  23. TS - TypeScript
  24. JVM - Java Virtual Machine
  25. JRE - Java Runtime Environment
  26. JDK - Java Development Kit
  27. SQL - Structured Query Language
  28. NoSQL - Not Only SQL
  29. DBA - Database Administrator
  30. DML - Data Manipulation Language
  31. DDL - Data Definition Language
  32. DCL - Data Control Language
  33. TCL - Transaction Control Language
  34. ERD - Entity-Relationship Diagram
  35. PK - Primary Key
  36. FK - Foreign Key
  37. BLOB - Binary Large Object
  38. GIS - Geographic Information System
  39. ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning
  40. CRM - Customer Relationship Management
  41. CMS - Content Management System
  42. LMS - Learning Management System
  43. POS - Point of Sale
  44. ATM - Automated Teller Machine
  45. OMR - Optical Mark Recognition
  46. OCR - Optical Character Recognition
  47. MICR - Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
  48. BCR - Barcode Reader
  49. QR Code - Quick Response Code
  50. UPC - Universal Product Code
  51. EPOS - Electronic Point of Sale
  52. EFT - Electronic Funds Transfer
  53. NEFT - National Electronic Funds Transfer
  54. RTGS - Real-Time Gross Settlement
  55. IMPS - Immediate Payment Service
  56. UPI - Unified Payments Interface
  57. PIN - Personal Identification Number
  58. PAN - Permanent Account Number (India) / Personal Area Network
  59. KYC - Know Your Customer
  60. MIPS - Million Instructions Per Second
  61. FLOPS - Floating-Point Operations Per Second
  62. TFLOPS - TeraFLOPS
  63. PFLOPS - PetaFLOPS
  64. BIPS - Billion Instructions Per Second
  65. GUI - Graphical User Interface
  66. WIMP - Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointer
  67. WYSIWYG - What You See Is What You Get (Used heavily in MS Word/Dreamweaver)
  68. DTP - Desktop Publishing
  69. MDI - Multiple Document Interface
  70. SDI - Single Document Interface
  71. RTOS - Real-Time Operating System
  72. NOS - Network Operating System
  73. FAT32 - File Allocation Table 32-bit
  74. HFS - Hierarchical File System
  75. APFS - Apple File System
  76. ZFS - Zettabyte File System
  77. MBR - Master Boot Record
  78. GPT - GUID Partition Table
  79. EFI - Extensible Firmware Interface
  80. UEFI - Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
  81. POST - Power-On Self-Test
  82. ACPI - Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
  83. DMA - Direct Memory Access
  84. IRQ - Interrupt Request
  85. I/O - Input/Output
  86. TDP - Thermal Design Power
  87. HSF - Heat Sink and Fan
  88. VRM - Voltage Regulator Module
  89. AIO - All-In-One (Cooler or PC)
  90. RGB - Red Green Blue
  91. CMYK - Cyan Magenta Yellow Key (Black)
  92. HSL - Hue Saturation Lightness
  93. HSV - Hue Saturation Value
  94. LUT - Look-Up Table
  95. EXIF - Exchangeable Image File Format
  96. HDR - High Dynamic Range
  97. CGI - Computer-Generated Imagery
  98. VFX - Visual Effects
  99. SFX - Special Effects / Sound Effects
  100. GPU - Graphics Processing Unit
  101. NPU - Neural Processing Unit
  102. TPU - Tensor Processing Unit
  103. ASIC - Application-Specific Integrated Circuit
  104. FPGA - Field-Programmable Gate Array
  105. SoC - System on a Chip
  106. RISC - Reduced Instruction Set Computer
  107. CISC - Complex Instruction Set Computer
  108. ARM - Advanced RISC Machine
  109. x86 - 32-bit microprocessor architecture
  110. x64 - 64-bit microprocessor architecture
  111. BOD - Bandwidth on Demand
  112. BER - Bit Error Rate
  113. bps - Bits per second
  114. FSB - Front Side Bus
  115. QPI - QuickPath Interconnect
  116. DMI - Direct Media Interface
  117. BSI - Backside Illumination
  118. CCD - Charge-Coupled Device
  119. CMOS - Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (Camera Sensor)
  120. MP - Megapixel
  121. OIS - Optical Image Stabilization
  122. EIS - Electronic Image Stabilization
  123. PDAF - Phase Detection Auto Focus
  124. LiDAR - Light Detection and Ranging
  125. RADAR - Radio Detection and Ranging
  126. SONAR - Sound Navigation and Ranging
  127. CCTV - Closed-Circuit Television
  128. PVR - Personal Video Recorder
  129. DVR - Digital Video Recorder
  130. NVR - Network Video Recorder
  131. NAS - Network Attached Storage
  132. SAN - Storage Area Network
  133. DAS - Direct Attached Storage
  134. SCSI - Small Computer System Interface
  135. iSCSI - Internet Small Computer System Interface
  136. FC - Fibre Channel
  137. FCoE - Fibre Channel over Ethernet
  138. LUN - Logical Unit Number
  139. JBOD - Just a Bunch of Disks
  140. SMR - Shingled Magnetic Recording
  141. CMR - Conventional Magnetic Recording
  142. PMR - Perpendicular Magnetic Recording
  143. NVMe - Non-Volatile Memory Express
  144. M.2 - Next Generation Form Factor (NGFF) for SSDs
  145. U.2 - 2.5-inch NVMe SSD form factor
  146. PCIe Gen4 - Peripheral Component Interconnect Express Generation 4
  147. AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port
  148. SLI - Scalable Link Interface
  149. CrossFire - AMD's multi-GPU technology
  150. VGA - Video Graphics Array
  151. SVGA - Super Video Graphics Array
  152. XGA - Extended Graphics Array
  153. WXGA - Wide Extended Graphics Array
  154. WUXGA - Widescreen Ultra Extended Graphics Array
  155. ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
  156. ANSI - American National Standards Institute
  157. IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
  158. IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
  159. W3C - World Wide Web Consortium
  160. ICANN - Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
  161. IANA - Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
  162. RIR - Regional Internet Registry
  163. ISP - Internet Service Provider
  164. TLD - Top-Level Domain
  165. ccTLD - Country Code Top-Level Domain
  166. gTLD - Generic Top-Level Domain
  167. FQDN - Fully Qualified Domain Name
  168. BBS - Bulletin Board System
  169. IRC - Internet Relay Chat
  170. RSS - Really Simple Syndication
  171. MIME - Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
  172. WWW - World Wide Web
  173. HTML5 - Hypertext Markup Language version 5
  174. IPv4 - Internet Protocol version 4
  175. IPv6 - Internet Protocol version 6
  176. IoT - Internet of Things
  177. IIoT - Industrial Internet of Things
  178. P2P - Peer-to-Peer
  179. ITIL - Information Technology Infrastructure Library
               Short keys :~
## Part 1: Basic Windows & File Management (1-35)
These are the daily-use keys that examiners love to ask as basic fundamental questions.
 1. **Ctrl + C**: Copy selected text or item. [SSC CGL 2023, RRB Group D]
 2. **Ctrl + X**: Cut selected text or item. [IBPS Clerk 2024]
 3. **Ctrl + V**: Paste copied/cut item. [SSC CHSL 2024, UPSSSC PET]
 4. **Ctrl + Z**: Undo the last action. [RRB NTPC 2025-2026, SSC CPO]
 5. **Ctrl + Y**: Redo the last undone action. [Banking PO 2023, SSC CGL]
 6. **Ctrl + A**: Select all items or text. [RRB Group D, SSC MTS 2024]
 7. **Ctrl + S**: Save the current document. [SSC CHSL 2023]
 8. **Ctrl + P**: Open the Print dialog box. [IBPS PO 2025, RRB NTPC]
 9. **Ctrl + O**: Open an existing file. [SSC CGL 2024]
 10. **Ctrl + N**: Open a new file/window. [SBI Clerk 2024]
 11. **Alt + Tab**: Switch between open applications. [SSC CGL Mains 2023, RRB NTPC]
 12. **Alt + F4**: Close the active program / Shut down computer. [UPSSSC 2024, SSC CPO]
 13. **Windows + D**: Show or hide the desktop. [IBPS RRB PO 2024]
 14. **Windows + E**: Open File Explorer. [SSC CHSL 2024, RRB NTPC]
 15. **Windows + L**: Lock your computer screen. [SSC CGL 2024]
 16. **Windows + R**: Open the "Run" dialog box. [Banking Clerk 2025]
 17. **Windows + I**: Open Windows Settings. [SSC CPO 2023]
 18. **Windows + M**: Minimize all open windows. [RRB Group D]
 19. **Windows + Shift + M**: Restore minimized windows. [SSC CHSL 2024]
 20. **Windows + Tab**: Open Task View. [IBPS PO 2024]
 21. **Ctrl + Shift + Esc**: Open Task Manager directly. [SSC CGL 2024, RRB NTPC 2025-2026]
 22. **Ctrl + Alt + Del**: Open the security/lock screen options. [SSC MTS 2023]
 23. **Shift + Delete**: Delete an item permanently (bypass Recycle Bin). [UPSSSC PET, SSC CGL 2024]
 24. **Alt + Enter**: View properties of the selected item. [RRB NTPC 2024]
 25. **Alt + Spacebar**: Open the shortcut menu for the active window. [SSC CHSL 2023]
 26. **Ctrl + Esc**: Open the Start Menu. [IBPS Clerk 2025]
 27. **Windows + S**: Open Windows Search. [SSC CPO 2024]
 28. **Windows + PrtScn**: Take a screenshot and save it. [RRB NTPC 2025-2026]
 29. **Windows + V**: Open Clipboard history. [SSC CGL Tier-II 2023]
 30. **Windows + "." (Period)**: Open Emoji panel. [SBI PO 2024]
 31. **Alt + Esc**: Cycle through items in the order they were opened. [RRB Group D]
 32. **Ctrl + Arrow Right**: Move cursor to the beginning of the next word. [SSC CHSL 2024]
 33. **Ctrl + Arrow Left**: Move cursor to the beginning of the previous word. [IBPS Clerk 2024]
 34. **Ctrl + Arrow Down**: Move cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph. [SSC CGL 2024]
 35. **Ctrl + Arrow Up**: Move cursor to the beginning of the previous paragraph. [RRB NTPC]
## Part 2: The Function Keys (F1 to F12) (36-50)
Examiners heavily target function keys because their roles change based on the software.
 36. **F1**: Open Help screen. [Universal, SSC CGL 2023]
 37. **F2**: Rename a selected file or folder. [RRB NTPC 2025-2026, UPSSSC]
 38. **F3**: Search for a file or folder in Explorer. [SSC CHSL 2024]
 39. **F4**: Display the address bar list in File Explorer. [Banking Clerk 2023]
 40. **F5**: Refresh the active window. [SSC CPO 2024, RRB Group D]
 41. **F6**: Cycle through screen elements in a window. [IBPS PO 2025]
 42. **F7**: Spell and grammar check (in MS Office). [SSC CGL Tier-II 2024, SBI PO]
 43. **F8**: Access boot menu during Windows startup. [RRB NTPC 2024]
 44. **F9**: Refresh fields in MS Word. [SSC CHSL 2023]
 45. **F10**: Activate the Menu bar in the active app. [IBPS Clerk 2024]
 46. **F11**: Enter or exit Full-Screen mode in browsers. [SSC CGL 2024, RRB NTPC 2025-2026]
 47. **F12**: Open "Save As" dialog box in MS Word. [UPSSSC PET, SSC CPO 2024]
 48. **Shift + F3**: Change text case in MS Word (UPPER, lower, Title). [SSC CGL 2024]
 49. **Shift + F7**: Open Thesaurus in MS Word. [Banking PO 2025, RRB NTPC]
 50. **Ctrl + F1**: Expand or collapse the Ribbon in MS Office. [SSC CHSL 2024]
## Part 3: Microsoft Word Specific Keys (51-110)
MS Word is a core topic in the SSC CGL Tier-II computer qualifying paper and banking mains.
 51. **Ctrl + B**: Make text Bold. [SSC MTS 2023]
 52. **Ctrl + I**: Make text Italic. [RRB Group D]
 53. **Ctrl + U**: Underline text. [IBPS Clerk 2024]
 54. **Ctrl + W**: Close the current document. [SSC CGL 2024]
 55. **Ctrl + K**: Insert a Hyperlink. [SSC CHSL 2024, RRB NTPC 2025-2026]
 56. **Ctrl + F**: Open Find box. [UPSSSC 2024]
 57. **Ctrl + H**: Open Find and Replace box. [SSC CGL Tier-II 2023, SBI PO]
 58. **Ctrl + G**: Open Go To dialog box. [IBPS RRB PO 2025]
 59. **Ctrl + L**: Left align text. [RRB NTPC 2024]
 60. **Ctrl + R**: Right align text. [SSC CPO 2024]
 61. **Ctrl + E**: Center align text. [SSC CGL 2024, Banking Clerk]
 62. **Ctrl + J**: Justify align text. [SSC CHSL 2024, RRB Group D]
 63. **Ctrl + M**: Indent the paragraph. [IBPS PO 2024]
 64. **Ctrl + T**: Create a hanging indent. [SSC CGL 2024]
 65. **Ctrl + D**: Open Font Preferences window. [RRB NTPC 2025-2026, UPSSSC]
 66. **Ctrl + Shift + F**: Open Font dialog box. [SSC MTS 2024]
 67. **Ctrl + Shift + >**: Increase font size. [SSC CHSL 2024]
 68. **Ctrl + Shift + <**: Decrease font size. [SBI Clerk 2025]
 69. **Ctrl + ]**: Increase font size by 1 point. [SSC CGL 2024]
 70. **Ctrl + [**: Decrease font size by 1 point. [RRB NTPC 2024]
 71. **Ctrl + 1**: Single line spacing. [IBPS Clerk 2024]
 72. **Ctrl + 2**: Double line spacing. [SSC CPO 2023]
 73. **Ctrl + 5**: 1.5 line spacing. [SSC CGL Tier-II 2024, RRB NTPC]
 74. **Ctrl + =**: Apply Subscript formatting (e.g., H₂O). [UPSSSC PET, SSC CHSL]
 75. **Ctrl + Shift + +**: Apply Superscript formatting (e.g., x²). [SSC CGL 2024, SBI PO]
 76. **Ctrl + Backspace**: Delete one word to the left. [RRB Group D]
 77. **Ctrl + Delete**: Delete one word to the right. [IBPS PO 2025]
 78. **Ctrl + Spacebar**: Remove all text formatting. [SSC CHSL 2024]
 79. **Ctrl + Enter**: Insert a Page Break. [SSC CGL 2024, RRB NTPC 2025-2026]
 80. **Shift + Enter**: Insert a Line Break (soft return). [SBI Clerk 2024]
 81. **Ctrl + Shift + Enter**: Insert a Column Break. [SSC CPO 2024]
 82. **Home**: Move cursor to the beginning of the line. [RRB NTPC 2024]
 83. **End**: Move cursor to the end of the line. [IBPS Clerk 2023]
 84. **Ctrl + Home**: Move cursor to the beginning of the document. [SSC CGL 2024]
 85. **Ctrl + End**: Move cursor to the end of the document. [SSC CHSL 2024]
 86. **Page Up**: Move up one screen. [RRB Group D]
 87. **Page Down**: Move down one screen. [UPSSSC 2024]
 88. **Ctrl + Page Up**: Go to the previous page. [SSC MTS 2024]
 89. **Ctrl + Page Down**: Go to the next page. [IBPS PO 2025]
 90. **Ctrl + Shift + C**: Copy formatting (Format Painter). [SSC CGL Tier-II 2023]
 91. **Ctrl + Shift + V**: Paste formatting. [RRB NTPC 2025-2026]
 92. **Alt + Shift + D**: Insert the current date. [SSC CHSL 2024]
 93. **Alt + Shift + T**: Insert the current time. [Banking PO 2024]
 94. **Ctrl + Shift + W**: Underline words but not spaces. [SSC CGL 2024]
 95. **Ctrl + Shift + D**: Double underline text. [SBI Clerk 2025]
 96. **Ctrl + Shift + A**: Format all letters as Capitals. [RRB NTPC 2024]
 97. **Ctrl + Shift + K**: Format letters as small capitals. [SSC CPO 2024]
 98. **Ctrl + Q**: Remove paragraph formatting. [IBPS RRB 2024]
 99. **F8 (pressed twice)**: Select the current word. [SSC CGL 2023]
 100. **F8 (pressed thrice)**: Select the current sentence. [RRB Group D]
 101. **F8 (pressed 4 times)**: Select the current paragraph. [SSC CHSL 2024]
 102. **Alt + Ctrl + 1**: Apply Heading 1 style. [UPSSSC PET]
 103. **Alt + Ctrl + 2**: Apply Heading 2 style. [IBPS Clerk 2025]
 104. **Alt + Ctrl + 3**: Apply Heading 3 style. [SSC CGL 2024]
 105. **Ctrl + Alt + C**: Insert copyright symbol (©). [RRB NTPC 2025-2026]
 106. **Ctrl + Alt + R**: Insert registered trademark symbol (®). [SSC CPO 2024]
 107. **Ctrl + Alt + T**: Insert trademark symbol (™). [SBI PO 2024]
 108. **Alt + Ctrl + M**: Insert a comment. [SSC CHSL 2023]
 109. **Ctrl + Shift + E**: Turn track changes on or off. [SSC CGL Tier-II 2024]
 110. **Ctrl + Alt + S**: Split the document window. [RRB NTPC 2024]
## Part 4: Microsoft Excel Specific Keys (111-160)
Excel formulas and shortcuts are vital for Railway NTPC and Banking exams.
 111. **F2**: Edit the active cell. [RRB NTPC 2025-2026, SSC CGL]
 112. **F4**: Repeat the last action / absolute reference (e.g., A1). [Banking PO 2024]
 113. **F11**: Create a chart from selected data on a new sheet. [SSC CHSL 2024]
 114. **Alt + =**: Apply AutoSum. [UPSSSC, RRB Group D]
 115. **Ctrl + ; (Semicolon)**: Insert the current date. [SSC CGL 2024, SBI Clerk]
 116. **Ctrl + Shift + : (Colon)**: Insert the current time. [RRB NTPC 2024, IBPS PO]
 117. **Ctrl + 9**: Hide selected rows. [SSC CGL Tier-II 2023]
 118. **Ctrl + Shift + 9**: Unhide rows. [SSC CPO 2024]
 119. **Ctrl + 0 (Zero)**: Hide selected columns. [RRB NTPC 2025-2026, SBI PO]
 120. **Ctrl + Shift + 0**: Unhide columns. [IBPS Clerk 2024]
 121. **Ctrl + (Grave Accent)**: Toggle between showing formulas and values.[SSC CGL 2024]`
 122. **Ctrl + Shift + L**: Turn filters on or off. [SSC CHSL 2024]
 123. **Ctrl + Arrow Keys**: Move to the edge of data regions. [RRB Group D]
 124. **Ctrl + Spacebar**: Select the entire column. [UPSSSC PET, SSC CGL 2024]
 125. **Shift + Spacebar**: Select the entire row. [RRB NTPC 2024]
 126. **Shift + F11**: Insert a new worksheet. [SBI Clerk 2025]
 127. **Ctrl + Page Down**: Move to the next sheet in a workbook. [SSC CHSL 2023]
 128. **Ctrl + Page Up**: Move to the previous sheet in a workbook. [IBPS PO 2024]
 129. **Ctrl + 1**: Open Format Cells dialog box. [SSC CGL Tier-II 2024]
 130. **Ctrl + 5**: Apply or remove strikethrough formatting. [RRB NTPC 2025-2026]
 131. **Alt + Enter**: Start a new line within the same cell. [SSC CPO 2024]
 132. **Ctrl + D**: Fill down from the cell above. [SBI PO 2023]
 133. **Ctrl + R**: Fill right from the cell on the left. [IBPS Clerk 2025]
 134. **Ctrl + K**: Insert a link. [SSC CHSL 2024]
 135. **Shift + F2**: Insert or edit a cell comment. [SSC CGL 2024]
 136. **Ctrl + Shift + $**: Apply Currency format. [RRB NTPC 2024]
 137. **Ctrl + Shift + %**: Apply Percentage format. [UPSSSC 2024]
 138. **Ctrl + Shift + ^**: Apply Exponential format. [SSC MTS 2024]
 139. **Ctrl + Shift + !**: Apply Number format. [IBPS RRB 2024]
 140. **Ctrl + Shift + #**: Apply Date format. [SSC CGL 2024]
 141. **Ctrl + Shift + @**: Apply Time format. [SBI Clerk 2024]
 142. **Ctrl + Shift + &**: Apply outline border to selected cells. [RRB Group D]
 143. **Ctrl + Shift + _ (Underscore)**: Remove outline border. [SSC CHSL 2024]
 144. **Ctrl + "-" (Minus)**: Display the Delete dialog box. [SSC CGL Tier-II 2023]
 145. **Ctrl + Shift + "+" (Plus)**: Display the Insert dialog box. [RRB NTPC 2025-2026]
 146. **Alt + F1**: Create an embedded chart in the current sheet. [IBPS PO 2025]
 147. **Ctrl + T**: Convert selected cells into a Table. [SSC CPO 2024]
 148. **Ctrl + F3**: Open Name Manager. [SBI PO 2024]
 149. **F7**: Spelling check in the active worksheet. [SSC CHSL 2024]
 150. **Ctrl + F1**: Show or hide the ribbon. [RRB NTPC 2024]
 151. **F12**: Save As. [SSC CGL 2024]
 152. **Shift + F8**: Add non-adjacent cells to the selection. [IBPS Clerk 2024]
 153. **Ctrl + Alt + V**: Open Paste Special dialog box. [SSC CGL Tier-II 2024]
 154. **Ctrl + Shift + U**: Expand or collapse the formula bar. [UPSSSC PET]
 155. **Alt + Page Down**: Move one screen to the right in a sheet. [SSC MTS 2023]
 156. **Alt + Page Up**: Move one screen to the left in a sheet. [RRB Group D]
 157. **Ctrl + F9**: Minimize the current workbook window. [SBI Clerk 2024]
 158. **Ctrl + F10**: Maximize the current workbook window. [SSC CHSL 2024]
 159. **Ctrl + Shift + Page Up**: Select the current and previous sheet. [IBPS PO 2025]
 160. **Ctrl + W**: Close the current workbook. [RRB NTPC 2025-2026]
## Part 5: Microsoft PowerPoint (161-175)
PowerPoint questions often appear in Tier-II SSC and Banking computer tests.
 161. **F5**: Start presentation from the beginning. [SSC CGL 2024, RRB NTPC]
 162. **Shift + F5**: Start presentation from the current slide. [SSC CHSL 2024, IBPS Clerk]
 163. **Esc**: End the slide show. [RRB Group D]
 164. **Ctrl + M**: Insert a new slide. [SSC CGL Tier-II 2023, UPSSSC] *(Important: Do not confuse with Ctrl+N for new presentation)*
 165. **Ctrl + D**: Duplicate the selected slide or object. [SBI PO 2024, RRB NTPC 2025-2026]
 166. **Ctrl + G**: Group selected objects. [SSC CPO 2024]
 167. **Ctrl + Shift + G**: Ungroup selected objects. [IBPS PO 2024]
 168. **B (during slide show)**: Black out the screen. [SSC CHSL 2023]
 169. **W (during slide show)**: White out the screen. [RRB NTPC 2024]
 170. **Ctrl + T**: Open the Font dialog box in PowerPoint. [SSC CGL 2024]
 171. **Alt + F9**: Toggle guides on and off. [SBI Clerk 2025]
 172. **Shift + F9**: Toggle gridlines on and off. [IBPS RRB 2024]
 173. **Ctrl + Shift + C**: Copy object animation/formatting. [SSC MTS 2024]
 174. **Page Down (during slide show)**: Go to the next slide. [RRB Group D]
 175. **Page Up (during slide show)**: Go to the previous slide. [UPSSSC PET 2024]
## Part 6: Web Browsers & Internet (176-200)
These keys work across Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, and Firefox.
 176. **Ctrl + T**: Open a new tab. [SSC CGL 2024, RRB NTPC 2025-2026]
 177. **Ctrl + Shift + T**: Reopen the last closed tab. [IBPS PO 2024, SSC CHSL]
 178. **Ctrl + N**: Open a new browser window. [RRB Group D]
 179. **Ctrl + Shift + N**: Open a new Incognito / Private window. [SSC CGL Tier-II 2023, UPSSSC]
 180. **Ctrl + W**: Close the current tab. [SBI PO 2024]
 181. **Ctrl + Shift + W**: Close the current window (all tabs). [SSC CPO 2024]
 182. **Ctrl + Tab**: Jump to the next open tab. [IBPS Clerk 2025]
 183. **Ctrl + Shift + Tab**: Jump to the previous open tab. [RRB NTPC 2024]
 184. **Ctrl + 1 to 8**: Jump to a specific tab by number. [SSC CHSL 2024]
 185. **Ctrl + 9**: Jump to the rightmost (last) tab. [SSC CGL 2024]
 186. **Ctrl + H**: Open browsing History. [SBI Clerk 2024, RRB NTPC]
 187. **Ctrl + J**: Open Downloads page. [SSC CGL Tier-II 2024]
 188. **Ctrl + D**: Bookmark the current webpage. [UPSSSC PET, IBPS PO]
 189. **Ctrl + Shift + O**: Open Bookmark manager. [SSC MTS 2024]
 190. **Ctrl + F**: Search text on the current webpage. [RRB Group D]
 191. **Ctrl + L (or Alt + D)**: Focus the URL/Address bar. [SSC CHSL 2023, SBI PO]
 192. **Ctrl + Enter**: Automatically add "www." and ".com" to the text in address bar. [SSC CPO 2024]
 193. **F5 (or Ctrl + R)**: Reload the current page. [IBPS RRB 2024, RRB NTPC 2025-2026]
 194. **Ctrl + F5 (or Shift + F5)**: Hard reload (clear cache and reload). [SSC CGL 2024]
 195. **Ctrl + "+" (Plus)**: Zoom in the webpage. [Banking Clerk 2024]
 196. **Ctrl + "-" (Minus)**: Zoom out the webpage. [RRB NTPC 2024]
 197. **Ctrl + 0 (Zero)**: Reset page zoom to 100%. [SSC CHSL 2024]
 198. **Alt + Left Arrow**: Go back to the previous page. [IBPS PO 2025]
 199. **Alt + Right Arrow**: Go forward to the next page. [SSC CGL 2024]
 200. **Ctrl + P**: Print the current webpage. [UPSSSC 2024, RRB Group D]


By
Kuldeep Singh 








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